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Apa Sih Bedanya Wabah, Epidemi, dan Pendemi?

World Health Organization (WHO) menetapkan virus Corona COVID-19 sebagai pandemi. Status ini ditetapkan menyusul dampak penyakit yang tak hanya pada kesehatan tapi juga ke berbagai sektor.

"Ini bukan hanya krisis kesehatan masyarakat, ini adalah krisis yang akan menyentuh setiap sektor," Direktur Jendral WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus dalam konferensi pers, seperti dikutip dari Time.

Selain COVID-19, penyakit yang juga pernah mendapat status pandemi adalah H1N1 atau flu burung, ditetapkan WHO pada 2009. Status yang sama juga ditetapkan pada HIV/AIDS, influenza dan TBC (tuberculosis).
Baca juga: Ini Arti Pandemi yang WHO Tetapkan untuk Virus Corona

Salah satu penyakit pandemi paling parah dalam sejarah manusia adalah Black Death yang terjadi pada abad 14. Wabah mematikan yang juga dikenal dengan penyakit pes ini membunuh sedikitnya 75 - 200 juta orang.

Bagaimana suatu penyakit bisa dinyatakan sebagai pandemi? Apa bedanya dengan epidemi dan wabah?

1. Wabah


Wabah atau endemik adalah tingkat pertama keparahan penyebaran penyakit dilihat dari populasi, lingkungan atau wilayahnya. Seperti dikutip dari Medicinenet, endemik terkait dengan jumlah penyakit yang ada dalam suatu komunitas di suatu wilayah.

Populasi yang terdampak kecil, namun bisa dibilang luar biasa. Penyakit tertentu dinyatakan menjadi wabah atau endemik ketika terjadi peningkatan jumlah kasus yang signifikan namun masih terbatas pada suatu wilayah.

2. Epidemi


Epidemi adalah tingkat kedua keparahan suatu kasus penyakit. Sifatnya lebih besar dari endemik dan menyebar ke area yang lebih luas. Pusat Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit (CDC) menjelaskan bahwa epidemi terjadi ketika suatu penyakit menular dengan cepat ke banyak orang hingga pada tahap di luar 'normal' hingga sulit dihambat.

Sebelum naik status menjadi pandemi, virus Corona oleh pemerintah China ditetapkan sebagai epidemi karena tidak hanya menyebar di Kota Wuhan, provinsi Hubei, tapi sampai ke seluruh China. Bahkan menular juga ke negara lain seperti Korea Selatan dan Jepang hingga Asia Tenggara.

3. Pandemi


Pandemi adalah epidemi yang menyebar ke berbagai negara lain dan memengaruhi orang di seluruh dunia dalam jumlah besar secara simultan atau berkelanjutan. Penyakit ditetapkan sebagai pandemi ketika penyebarannya sudah internasional dan di luar dugaan, sehingga sulit dikendalikan.

"Pandemi adalah penyebaran penyakit dari manusia ke manusia yang menyebabkan penyakit dan kematian signifikan pada skala dunia yang sangat luas," jelas Direktur Medis Pencegahan Infeksi Rumah Sakit St. Joseph di California Charles Bailey.

Seperti diketahui, virus Corona COVID-19 telah mencaai 118 ribu kasus di lebih dari 110 negara seluruh dunia. WHO juga menetapkan status pandemi karena diprediksi masih akan terjadi penyebaran COVID-19 secara global dan lebih luas.

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